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  • Home
    • Upcoming Events
    • About hakalauhome
    • Contact Us!
  • Yesterday
    • Timeline
    • Camps
    • Schools >
      • Hakalau School
      • John M. Ross School
    • Churches & Cemeteries >
      • Churches >
        • Hakalau Jodo Mission
        • Honohina Hongwanji
      • Cemeteries
    • The Voice of Hakalau
    • Sugar Production >
      • Hakalau Mill & Other Buildings
      • Wailea Milling Company
    • Infrastructure and Transportation >
      • 19th Century Hamakua Roads
      • Bridges
      • The Railroad
  • Today
    • Hakalau Farmers Market
    • Hakalau Jodo Mission Today >
      • Obon Festival
      • Memorial Day
      • Celebrations at Hakalau Jodo Mission
    • Honohina Hongwanji Today
    • Hakalau Reunions
    • Wailea Village Historic Preservation Community >
      • Cemetery Stewardship
      • Reviving Hakalau School
      • Senior Luncheons
      • Mochi Pounding
  • Tomorrow
    • Arsenic Remediation
    • Cliff Failures
    • Hāmākua CDP & the CDP Action Committee

The 1910s

​The 1910s ​​was a period of growth. C. Brewer and Company took over control of the Hakalau Plantation, thus doubling its sugar assets. This was the final step giving Hawaiian sugar agencies and growers control over sugar refining--a strategic move. Key infrastructure developed, including completion of the railroad to Hakalau, improvement of roads, and erection of numerous plantation buildings, including 30% of camp dwellings (tabulated from the insurance valuation files from the early to mid-1950s), as well as schools and social halls. Over time, the railroad replaced ships as the means of transporting cane. During this period, camps were ethnic-specific, e.g., Kamaee Korean Camp, Wailea Spanish Camp. Immigration of Europeans, arriving with larger families, led to building larger homes to support them. Challenges for the plantation included unpredictability of crop size due to the independence of homesteaders and the formation of the Wailea Milling Company.​

Winter storms threaten the mill causing damage and underscoring the risk associated with the location of the mill. 

​By 1917, World War 1 was impacting Hakalau Plantation. Emphasis was placed on growing food crops and workers were drafted or volunteered to join the fight. Patriotism ran high, as Hakalauans contributed funds to support the war effort.

Included in this detailed timeline of the 1910s are excerpts from the annual reports sent to C. Brewer by John M. Ross, manager, Hakalau Plantation Company, starting with 1911. John M. Ross played a prominent roll at Hakalau, serving as head overseer from 1884-1905, manager from 1905-1942. Annual reports provided courtesy of the Edmund Olson Trust Archive. Additional sources used include: photos from the Lyman Museum, A History of C. Brewer & Company, Ltd.: One Hundred Years in the Hawaiian Islands, 1826-1926, by Josephine Sullivan, Walton Advertising and Printing Company, Boston, 1926 and The Story of C. Brewer and Company, Limited, Scott C.S. Stone, Island Heritage Publishing, 1991 and various newspapers cited below.

1910

  • C. Brewer and Company, Limited acquired Hakalau Plantation, effective January 1, 1910:
Irwin & Company is amalgamated with C. Brewer and Company, Limited, resulting in a stronger financial position for C. Brewer and Company, Limited, which increases its capital stock and takes the Irwin Company's assets and business. (Source: The Story of C. Brewer and Company, Limited, Scott C.S. Stone, Island Heritage Publishing, 1991, p. 222.)
This was an epochal event in the history of C. Brewer and Company. The consolidation doubled the amount of sugar handled by the firm and, what was more important, afforded a field for expansion in the investment of its surplus earnings in shares of the plantations which had formerly been represented by Irwin & Company...

At the time of the amalgamation, C. Brewer and Company, Limited, represented the following plantations: Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, and Hawaiian Agricultural Company. All of these were Hawaiian corporations controlled by local stockholders. The plantation agencies acquired by the consolidation were: Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Olowalu Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, and Hilo Sugar Company. Five of these were California corporations, and all eight were controlled by residents of San Francisco.

In the evolution of the Hawaiian Sugar industry, the function of the agent had at that time broadened. The sale of sugar and arrangements for shipping space had become a minor routine service. By the present system, the agent not only handles the plantation finances, keeps necessary corporate records, makes out tax returns, attends to the purchase of merchandise and to other routine matters, but also acts as general supervisor of the plantations which it represents. This service extends to rendering engineering and legal advice to the managers, assistance in supplying and organizing the plantations' personnel, suggestions regarding methods of cane cultivation, bookkeeping, laborers' quarters, dairies--in fact, the agent stands as a ready and willing advisor on any problems confronting the management of the plantations, and further sees to it that maximum efficiency both in field and factory is maintained.

...Yet it is this centralization of the plantation interests in the agencies that has made possible the existing thorough cooperation in the sugar industry of the Hawaiian Islands. This was necessary for the development of the industry, and without it the establishment of a unique experiment station, the importation of labor, and the sale of sugar on a cooperative basis could not have been accomplished.
(Source: A History of C. Brewer & Company, Ltd.: One Hundred Years in the Hawaiian Islands, 1826-1926, by Josephine Sullivan, Walton Advertising and Printing Company, Boston, 1926, pp. 170-172.
In Claus Spreckels: The Sugar King in Hawaii, author Jacob Adler notes:
Brewer took over eight Irwin plantation agencies: Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, Hawaii; Hakalau Plantation Company, Hawaii; Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hawaii; Hilo Sugar Company, Hawaii; Olowalu Sugar Company, Maui; Waimanalo Sugar Company, Oahu; Honolulu Plantation Company, Oahu; and Kilauea Sugar Company, Kauai. The important agencies for the Oceanic Steamship Company and that for the Baldwin Locomotove Works were also taken over.

​One aspect of the merger deserves special notice. The move was a final step toward unified control by the Hawaiian agencies and planters over refining of their sugar. Claus Spreckels had dominated the refining of Hawaiian sugar on the West Coast throughout the last quarter of the nineteenth and the opening of the twentieth centuray. The planters had made sporadic, abortive attempts to break this control. When not being ground down by Spreckels, the planters found themselves crushed between both Spreckels and the United States sugar trust. Spreckels and the sugar trust joined forces in the 1890's; together they operated the Western Sugar Refinery in San Francisco (formerly Sprekels' California Refinery).

...
Most of the Honolulu sugar agencies began sending their sugar to Crockett, but the Irwin Firm continued to send its sugar to Western Sugar Refinery. The merger of William G. Irwin and Company thus marked the end of an era--the Honolulu agencies had gained control of Hawaiian sugar refining.

​
(Source: Clause Spreckels: The Sugar King in Hawaii, by Jacob Adler, Mutual Publishing Paperback Series, Tales of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1966, p. 103)
  • Newspaper articles regarding the extension of the railroad to Hakalau and beyond were common.
  • The bridges across the gulches were an engineering marvel. 
  • The promise of economic boom resulted in singleness of purpose in the construction of the railroad.
  • By the end of the year, the railroad construction endeavor was profitable...amazing.
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The Hawaiian Star, April 25, 1910, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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The Hawaiian Star, May 25, 1910, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Hawaii Herald, June 16, 1910, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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The Honolulu Advertiser, December 1, 1910, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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The Hawaiian Gazette, December 30, 1910, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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The Hawaiian Star, July 5, 1910, accessed via Newspapers.com.
Read the Articles

1911

  • Storm damage periodically caused disruption at the plantation, usually the mill and the various flumes. 
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The Hawaiian Star, February 17, 1911, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Honolulu Star Bulletin, August 8, 1913, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • The roads were a muddy mess, often unusable. Hakalau faced particularly difficult conditions.
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Read the Article
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Hawaii Herald, May 25, 1911, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Meanwhile, the Hakalau Plantation tried some new technology, a caterpillar tractor, to solve problems related to steep terrain and deep mud.
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The Honolulu Advertiser, August 12, 1911, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Finally...train service to Hakalau started in December 1911 and was extended to Paauilo in 1913. Continued progress was reported frequently in both Big Island and Oahu newspapers.
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Hawaii Herald, August 31, 1911, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Passenger train heading to Hilo over the Kolekole Bridge. Photo included in Sugar Town.
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The Honolulu Advertiser, October 7, 1911, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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The Hawaiian Gazette, December 8, 1911, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Hawaii Herald, December 14, 1911, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Train with two cars in center of Hakalau railroad trestle. Below is bridge with cart drawn by two horses. Date unknown probably sometime between 1911-1920. Courtesy of the Lyman Museum.
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Hawaii Herald, December 28, 1911, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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William Ross [Hakalau Store Manager] family members picnicking under the Hakalau railroad bridge, 1910s. Photo courtesy of Kim Kohl, granddaughter of William Ross.
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William Ross [Hakalau Store Manager] family members traversing the new tracks in Hakalau Upper Camp, 1910s. Photo courtesy of Kim Kohl, granddaughter of William Ross.
From the Hakalau Plantation Annual Reports...
​Plantation Buildings: Much improvement has been done in this line, especially for European immigrants, both in additional houses as well as sanitary arrangements by way of wash and bath houses for them. With more European immigrants arriving, together with such large families as the majority of them have, we are not yet finished with house building, and are now under way with an entirely new camp on the Honohina division; no European laborers having heretofore been sent to that division on account of lack of house accommodation.
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Hakalau Upper Camp house 120, built 1911.

1912

  • Homestead issues dominated the newspaper coverage for Hakalau Plantation.
Read the Compilation of Articles
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Hawaii Herald, April 25, 1912, accessed via Newspapers.com.
From the Hakalau Plantation Annual Reports...
Homestead Matters: ​In previous Annual Reports I have regretted my inability to give definite and reliable figures as to the area of the Crop to be planted. The complicated Homestead matters that have been and are, responsible for these conditions are still with us, and, if anything, more intensified, if such were possible.

​
Plantation Buildings: Many improvements have been made in this line, especially for European Immigrants, as well as for Japanese laborers, and our White employees.
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Yamagata Camp house #822, built in 1912.

1913

  • The Territorial Land Commissioner, Joshua Tucker, visited the Big Island to review a variety of land issues, including the pending sale of house lots in Hakalau Iki. Whether homesteads or houselots, potential purchasers were concerned about undue influence of the Hakalau Plantation. There had been instances when the Plantation had acquired land through "dummy" purchasers, pretending to purchase the land for themselves.
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Honolulu Star Bulletin, January 31, 1913, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Plantations continued to look for ways to improve processes, in this case, plowing. Hakalau was the only plantation with a tractor, purchased in 1911, and therefore was the location for testing a new plow. 
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Hawaii Herald, April 18, 1913, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Homesteader issues continued...with progress.
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Kaiwiki Homestead sometime between 1911 and 1920. Photo courtesy of Kim Kohl, granddaugher of William Ross, Hakalau Store, clerk in 1902, manager from 1903-1935.
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The Honolulu Advertiser, May 8, 1913, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Railroad service continued to improve daily life in Hakalau, this time in terms of mail service.
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Honolulu Star Bulletin, June 13, 1913, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Once again, the Hakalau Mill and flumes were damaged by storms. 
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The Honolulu Advertiser, June 16, 1913, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Community engagement and mutual support continued, with Hakalau School being the site for a benefit of the Hakalau Church . The program featured many patriotic songs and Christian hymns. 
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Hawaii Herald, July 4, 1913, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Luckily, concerns expressed in January about the potential for undue influence of the Hakalau Plantation in the purchase of Hakalau-Iki houselots were not realized. Purchasers of Hakalau-Iki lots sold at auction were legitimately entitled to the lots and not "dummies" purchasing the lots on behalf of the Hakalau Plantation.
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Hilo Daily Tribune, November 25, 1913, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Hakalau Plantation diligently worked to improve operations, whether, as in this case, milling, or cultivating, harvesting, or transporting.
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Hilo Daily Tribune, November 25, 1913, accessed via Newspapers.com.
From the Hakalau Plantation Annual Reports...
Plantation Buildings: During the year 1913 we erected eleven laborer’s cottages 19 feet by 24 feet; one stable; one overseer’s cottage 24 feet by 38 feet, with dining room, three bedrooms, kitchen and bathroom; one garage for auto truck and caterpillar engine.
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Hakalau Upper Camp house #127, built 1913.

1914

  • Social life among the white elite at Hakalau and surrounding plantations was active and engaging.
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Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 7, 1914, accessed via Newspapers.com
  • The growing population of immigrants of Catholic faith merited a new Catholic Church in Hakalau.
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Hawaii Herald, May 29, 1914, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • The market demand for liquor versus concern about intoxicated behavior was played out in Hakalau.
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Hilo Daily Tribune, June 23, 1914, accessed via Newspapers.com.
More
  • Everything you wanted to know about the Hakalau Plantation Company...
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The Honolulu Advertiser, November 4, 1914, accessed via Newspapers.com.
From the Hakalau Plantation Annual Reports...
​​Plantation Buildings: In addition to the yearly repairs to buildings, the following new laborers’ cottages were erected this year, principally at Honohina:
12 Cottages 20x24 of 4 rooms with a 6 ft veranda and a 12x18 kitchen and dining room detached.
3 two-story houses 24x24 of 8 rooms each with a 6-ft veranda, with suitable kitchen and dining room detached.
3 small cottages 10x20 with suitable kitchens and dining room.
2 room addition to Sugar-boiler’s cottage.

1915

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Hilo Daily Tribune, June 29, 1915, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • The growing population, resulting primarily by importation of immigrant labor for the plantations, required more police to address increasing crime. The strain of this growth in both population and crime fueled negative attitudes by some regarding immigrants.
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Hilo Daily Tribune, June 29, 1915, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Hilo Daily Tribune, August 17, 1915, accessed via Newspapers.com.
From the Hakalau Plantation Annual Reports...
Plantation Buildings: ​We erected during the year:
3 Laborers’ Cottages, new, 12x24, of four rooms each, with porch and suitable dining rooms and kitchens.
2 Cottages, as above, 18x24, in addition to various repairs to cottages, kitchens, dining rooms, etc.
1 New Cart and Wagon Shed.

1916

  • The location of the Hakalau Mill posed a serious risk to the Plantation. The winter storm of 1916 was one of many causing damage to the mill. Risk analysis later in the century led to closure of the mill.
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Hilo Tribune Herald, January 11, 1916, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Hilo Tribune Herald, November 18, 1916, accessed via Newspapers.com.
From the Hakalau Plantation Annual Reports...
Plantation Buildings: We erected during the year:
1 Blacksmith and Carpenter Shop, 35x98.
1 Tool and Nail House, 17x28
1 Social Hall, 30x60.
Together with new bath houses and kitchens throughout the various camps and which to enumerate would be tedious to you.

​Conclusion: During the first month of the year we were visited with a severe Kona storm that completely wrecked our Hakalau and Honohina Landings, and also did damage to the extent of $5,000.00 to our seawall and mill basement. Aside from this we can congratulate ourselves on having had a very successful year...
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Hakalau Upper Camp Social Hall and Pool Hall, built 1916.

1917


​In  the February 1917 edition, the Hakalau Plantation was described in
 Jitsugyō no Hawaii, a monthly industrial magazine, was first published by Tōyama Sadako and edited by her husband Tetsuo Tōyama in 1911. The quality was respected and the magazine was popular, receiving articles contributed by many prominent Japanese leaders in Hawaii. The magazine featured specific practical articles related to farming and conducting business in Hawaii and its industrial conditions. The Jitsugyō no Hawaii also featured articles on political, economic, and social issues at that time and published a special issue welcoming the Japanese navy to Hawaii in 1929. Tetsuo Tōyama was interned during World War II. There were no more issues after December 1941.
Current situation of Hakalau Sugar Plantation
Hakalau is in between Papaaloa and Honomu.  The area and the quality of soil are as good as Papaaloa.   According to Mr. John Ross, the area is a little over 7000 acres, it rains enough so no need to worry about irrigation.  This area resembles to Papaaloa.  Elevation is about 200 feet to 1500 feet from sea level, average 1200 feet.  Last year's harvest was 15900 tons. It is 12 miles from Hilo, a train ticket is 40 cents for round trip, 45 cents for one way, competing with the car association.  Transportation is developed like city area in countryside.  Plantation owner and workers are getting along, people are mild, public morals are generally good.  Probably because of bonus or good economy, some people gamble in camp.  Independent sugar cane farmers by contract have agreement with plantation owner so that they are in good relation just like Papaaloa.  
More
  • Once again, the Hakalau mill and flumes sustained loss due to storm damage. 
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Hilo Daily Tribune, March 7, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • With the war going on, the interest and emphasis on growing food was showcased in the schools. Hakalau School excelled.
PictureHonolulu Star Bulletin, March 24, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.


PictureHonolulu Star Bulletin, May 5, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.


  • Tennis was popular among plantation management and other community leaders. 
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Hawaii Herald, August 3, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.

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Honolulu Star Bulletin, July 4, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Homesteading continued, with Honohina as the next big opportunity.
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Hilo Tribune Herald, November 23, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • World War 1 reached Hakalau. Some volunteered, some were drafted.
  • Plantation workers contributed funds to support the war effort. Draft numbers were selected and individuals identified.
  • Patriotism rans high.
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Hawaii Herald, October 19, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Honolulu Star Bulletin, June 26, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Hawaii Tribune Herald, September 20, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Hilo Tribune Herald, October 26, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Hilo Tribune Herald, November 2, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.
          - Simplicio Cucui, Hakalau
          - John Halela, Wailea, Hakalau
          - Simon Valdez, Hakalau
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Hawaii Tribune-Herald, November 5, 1917, accessed via Newspapers.com.
From the Hakalau Plantation Annual Reports...
​​Plantation Buildings: One overseer’s cottage of three rooms, kitchen and dining room.
Two camp houses for Koreans 12 feet by 70 feet.
Seven double cottages 20 feet by 24 feet, for Japanese.
One sugar warehouse 54 feet by 190 feet.

​
Domestic Water Supply System:...​to Hakalau main camp one 80,000-gallon  tank and 3000 feet of 4 inch piper (old boiler tubes) 600 feet 1 ½ inch to ½ inch pipe supply the entire camp with spring water.
Wailea Spanish camp, 800 feet of 1 ½ inch to ½ inch pipe for better domestic supply.
Kamaee camp, 1200 feet of 4 inch pipe (old boiler tubes) and 2000 feet of 2 inch to 1 inch pipe for supply of spring water to Korean and Japanese camp.

1918

  • Tennis is a major attraction for the plantation managers in East Hawaii.
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Tennis Court in Hakalau Upper Camp on what is now Hanamalo Loop. Photo courtesy of the Lyman Museum.
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Hilo Tribune Herald, February 3, 1918, accessed via Newspapers.com
  • LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION. The Hakalau Mill was located in a precarious location.
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Hilo Tribune Herald, March 3, 1918, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Yet another example of the Hakalau Spirit and patriotism...
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Hilo Tribune Herald, July 21, 1918, accessed via Newspapers.com.
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Hilo Tribune Herald, June 29, 1918, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • Thomas Smith left Hakalau in 1917 and died one year later in France, one month before the end of the war. He was the only World War I fatality from the Hakalau Plantation.
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Hilo Daily Tribune, October 15, 1918, accessed via Newspapers.com.
  • World War I ends and celebration begins.
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Hilo Tribune Herald, November 13, 1918, accessed via Newspapers.com.
From the Hakalau Plantation Annual Reports...
Plantation Buildings: During the year we built:
3 houses at Korean Camp, of four rooms each with 6-foot veranda and detached kitchen.
2 houses as above at Chin Chuck Stable Camp for Japanese teamsters.
2 houses as above a Kamaee Korean Camp.
1 house at Hakalau Upper Camp of two rooms, veranda and kitchen.
4 new kitchens at Chin Chuck Camp.
6 new kitchens at Honohina.
1 new school house for Koreans at Kamaee, 20 feet by 30 feet.
1 new cottage for night sugar boiler, 20 feet by 30 feet, containing bedroom, sitting-room and bathroom, with 6-foot veranda.
1 new bedroom to engineer’s house.
1 new kitchen and dining-room to assistant bookkeeper’s house.
Reconstructed old landing warehouse, renewing all sides of building and putting it under one roof. In fact, it is an entirely new building except the old floor and foundations.
1 social hall and billiard room, 28 feet by 51 feet, in which there is included a kitchenette, ladies’ and gentlemen’s dressing rooms with shower-baths, billiard table, reading table and Victrola.
 
We have practically completed the painting of the inside and outside of all skilled employees’ houses on both sections, together with the usual extension repairs to all laborers’ quarters.

1919

  • The Wailea Milling Company was established by Tatsuji Kawachi (succeeded by son, Satoru Kurisu) to support independent growers. The creation of the Wailea Milling Company, in direct competition with the Hakalau Plantation, created uncertainty for the Plantation. The newspapers in the summer and fall of 1919 recounted the disputes between the two, differing views of the business issues involved, and the role of the independent growers, the homesteaders.The press coverage of the Hakalau sugar industry in 1919 focused on the battle between the Wailea Milling Company and the Hakalau Plantation Company. Nearly 75% of these articles appeared in articles in June, July and August. The themes are common even today:
    • some newspapers consistently favored one side over another;
    • intense emotions on both sides interfered with achieving common ground;
    • "business analysis" stoked fear versus the perception of unfair treatment; 
    • the small farmer (homesteader/independent grower) versus corporate agriculture (Hakalau Plantation and C. Brewer & Company) where the small farmer perceived he was being not being paid a fair price;
    • the small farmer wanted control over production and payment and corporate agriculture did not intend to give up any control.
    • legal issues in motion: independent growers sued Hakalau Plantation, land swap for Wailea Mill site questioned
    • Hakalau Plantation, having born all the overhead costs, explained that these costs impact what was paid to the independent grower.
    • Hakalau Plantation included disincentives for independent growers to align with Wailea Milling Company. Independent growers signed up with Wailea Milling Company anyway.
    • ​The Wailea Mill was erected and served independent growers until 1944 when the Hakalau Plantation acquired it and closed the mill. 
Read the Compilation of Articles
From the Hakalau Plantation Annual Reports...
Homestead Matters: The crop of 1920: It is impossible for the subscriber to estimate at this time exactly what the area for the 1920 crop will be, for the reason that some of the homesteaders and planters on our outside lands have entered into an agreement, through a Board of Trustess, with the so-called “Wailea Milling Company”. This company so far is not in a position to handle any of the cane from these outside planters, and there is no evidence at the present time that a mill will be ready to take care of even the 1921 crop. We understand that in the event that the Wailea Milling Company do not have their mill ready in time to grind the 1921 crop of the homesteaders and planters who have contracted with them through their Trustees, it will be possible for the parties to these agreements to withdraw and again contract with us. So far we have not signed any agreements to handle any of the 1920 crop grown upon the lands controlled by any of the people who are tied up with the Wailea Milling Company.

​Plantation Buildings: ​During the year, in addition to the extensive repairs and renewals to a great many of our camps and dwellings, we erected the following:
2 Japanese cottages, 22x24, for married people, consisting of one living-room, two bedrooms, kitchen and dining-room, at Hakalau.
1 Double cottage, 16x24, for two small married families, consisting of one living-room, small bedroom, and kitchen and dining-rooms.
1 Double cottage at Chin Chuck Camp, same as at Hakalau.
1 Double cottage at Kamaee Korean Camp, same as above.
1 New house, 12x48, for Filipino single men at Hakalau, consisting of four rooms fitted with iron beds, lockers and shelves.
1 New school at Kamaee Mauka for a night school for planter’s children.
1 Additional room to Night Engineer’s house and general renovating, painting, etc.
2 New rooms to Landing Master’s house and general renovating, painting, etc.
2 New rooms to Chemist’s house and general renovating and painting.
1 New room to Machinist’s house and general renovating.
4 New concrete kitchen floors, 10x12, and part walls with iron roof and sides, concrete sinks and ovens (this was an experiment and I think an excellent one).
4 New Ray oil burners fitted to our bath house systems throughout the various camps.

​Store: We are pleased to draw your attention to the creditable showing of our store. This is due to the fact that we are selling at lower costs than many others, and not a few customers come all the way from Hilo to deal with us. We must, therefore, give credit to careful purchasing.

​Contemplated Improvements: This will include a new stable for Honohina; our long-delayed boarding house for Hakalau; a house for our Honohina stableman; a new roller shaft and the reshelling of three rollers, possibly more, as wear and tear may dictate by the end of the season; a new vacuum pump to replace our turbine, which, from excessive costs of repair and renewals, makes us feel that a new pump would be the cheaper; new warehouse at Hakalau if we change our sugar and freight from steamer to rail; about two and one-half miles of water pipe to give Chin Chuck Camp a better domestic water supply system; purchase of twelve mules; authority to turn in Old Kelly truck for Packard; the light second-hand Ford truck; and also the Manager’s Buick car. The latter is already before you by special request for authority.

​​Conclusion: ​During the year just closed we are pleased to say that all of our employees who went overseas at their country’s call have safely returned to us, and are reinstated in their former positions, which were kept open for them; all with one exception, Thomas Smith, Team Overseer, Honohina Section, who paid the supreme sacrifice on the battlefields of France.
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Hakalau Upper Camp house #139, double cottage, built 1918 or 1919?
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Kamaee Korean Camp house #542, double cottage, built 1919? or 1920.
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Chin Chuck Stable Camp house #431, double cottage, built 1919.
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Sanborn Map of Hakalau Mill and Lower Hakalau Facilities, 1919. https://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/savedmaps/Pages/viewimage.php?img=355&famNum=24
Click on map for larger view.

See 1920s Detail
For the Hakalau Kuleana, our responsibility is to care for the land, the people, and the culture. We are guided by cultural values of YESTERDAY: Engage in collective effort. Look out for each other. Honor hard work. Show respect for those who came before us. Aloha and Mālama `Aina. In 2021, Akiko Masuda added two more values to the list: Consistently show up. Whatever has to be done, jump in and do it!